tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-45784988693852463082024-02-08T03:24:23.954-08:00BioqnaHarshil Sardharahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11701395443408821569noreply@blogger.comBlogger47125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4578498869385246308.post-19937355589837019162021-03-19T00:49:00.000-07:002021-03-19T00:49:04.722-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Q. <b> Which of the following phytohormone is responsible for regulating the opening and closing of stomata ?</b></span></h2>
<ul class="answers">
<span style="font-size: medium;">
<input id="q1a" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> A) GA </label> <br />
<input id="q1b" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> B) ABA </label> <br />
<input id="q1c" name="q1" type="radio" value="c" /> <label> C) IBA </label> <br />
<input id="q1d" name="q1" type="radio" value="d" /> <label> D) kinetin </label> <br />
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Answer is B).</i><span style="font-weight: normal;"> ABA </span> <br />
<p><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i>Abscisic acid (also called ABA), was discovered and researched under two different names before its chemical properties were fully known, it was called dormin and abscicin II. Once it was determined that the two compounds are the same, it was named abscisic acid. The name "abscisic acid" was given beceuse it was found in high concentrations in newly abscissed or freshly fallen leaves </i></span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i> In plants under water stress, ABA plays a role in closing the stomata. Soon after plants are water-stressed and the roots are deficient in water, a signal moves up to the leaves, causing the formation of ABA precursors there, which then move to the roots. The roots then release ABA, which is translocated to the foliage through the vascular system and modulates the potassium and sodium uptake within the guard cells, which then lose turgidity, closing the stomata. </i></span></p>
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<h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Q. <b> The amount of water to be added to 10 ml of 10 N HCL solution to make it decinormal solution is </b></span></h2>
<ul class="answers">
<span style="byfont-size: medium;">
<input id="q1a" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> A) 1000 ml </label> <br />
<input id="q1b" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> B) 990 ml </label> <br />
<input id="q1c" name="q1" type="radio" value="c" /> <label> C) 100 ml </label> <br />
<input id="q1d" name="q1" type="radio" value="d" /> <label> D) 10 ml </label> <br />
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Answer is B).</i><span style="font-weight: normal;"> 990 ml </span> <br />
<p><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i> N1V1</i></span> = <span style="font-weight: normal;"><i>N2V2 </i></span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: normal;"> So 10x10 = 0.1 x V. </span></p><p><span style="font-weight: normal;">or V = 1000 ml </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: normal;"> So extra water addes will be 990 ml </span></p><p><br /></p><p></p></span>
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<h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Q. <b> At which stage of mitosis do you find chromosomes being first visible under the microscope ?</b></span></h2>
<ul class="answers">
<span style="byfont-size: medium; font-size: medium;">
<input id="q1a" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> A) Metaphase </label> <br />
<input id="q1b" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> B) Telophase </label> <br />
<input id="q1c" name="q1" type="radio" value="c" /> <label> C) Prophase </label> <br />
<input id="q1d" name="q1" type="radio" value="d" /> <label> D) Anaphase </label> <br />
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Answer is C).</i><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Prophase </span> <br />
<p><i style="font-weight: normal;"> Prophase is a stage of <a href="https://www.biotechfront.com/2020/10/Mitosis-4-phases-cell-division.html" target="_blank">mitosis</a> in which the chromatin condenses (it becomes shorter and fatter) into a highly ordered structure called a chromosome, which becomes visible under a light microscope. </i></p>
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<h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Q. <b> Which one of the following is not a water soluble vitamin ?</b></span></h2>
<ul class="answers">
<span style="font-size: medium;">
<input id="q1a" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> A) Cyanocobalamine </label> <br />
<input id="q1b" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> B) Ascorbic acid </label> <br />
<input id="q1c" name="q1" type="radio" value="c" /> <label> C) Retinol </label> <br />
<input id="q1d" name="q1" type="radio" value="d" /> <label> D) Niacin </label> <br />
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Answer is C).</i><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Retinol </span> <br />
<p><i style="font-weight: normal;">Retinol is one of the most usable forms of Vitamin A. a fat-soluble vitamin and diterpenoid. Retinoids include the compounds retinoic acid, retinal (aldehyde) and retinyl ester. These compounds are available from plant and animal sources. Vitamin, A is essential for proper epithelial function, and available retinoic acid is procured by hyaluronic acid in the keratogenous zone to increase dermal moisture. </i></p>
<p><i style="font-weight: normal;"> While retinol is insoluble in water, its bioavailábility in the dermal layers is hydrolyzed to retinoic acid, which is subsequently sequestered by hyaluronic acid- in the extracellular matrix to increase water content in cells. These mechanisms effect normal, hydrated dermal development.</i></p>
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<h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Q. <b> Histamine is released by which of these cells ?</b></span></h2>
<ul class="answers">
<span style="font-size: medium;">
<input id="q1a" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> A) Macrophages </label> <br />
<input id="q1b" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> B) Lymphocytes </label> <br />
<input id="q1c" name="q1" type="radio" value="c" /> <label> C) Mast cells </label> <br />
<input id="q1d" name="q1" type="radio" value="d" /> <label> D) Basophils </label> <br />
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Answer is C).</i><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Mast cells </span> <br />
<p><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i> A mast cell is a resident cell of several types of tissues and contains many granules rich in histamine and heparin. Although best known for their role in allergy and anaphylaxis, mast cells play an important protective role as well, being intimately involved in wound healing and defense against pathogens.
</i></span></p>
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<h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Q. <b> An allosteric inhibitor of an enzyme usually </b></span></h2>
<ul class="answers">
<span style="font-size: medium;">
<input id="q1a" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> A) binds to the active site</label> <br />
<input id="q1b" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> B) participates in feedback regulation </label> <br />
<input id="q1c" name="q1" type="radio" value="c" /> <label> C) denatures the enzyme</label> <br />
<input id="q1d" name="q1" type="radio" value="d" /> <label> D) cause the enzyme to work faster </label> <br />
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Answer is B).</i><span style="font-weight: normal;"> participates in feedback regulation </span> <br />
<p><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i>Allosteric enzymes are those that have more than one activation center and to which other substances, called allosteric regulators, bind. Allosteric regulators can be allosteric inhibitors or allosteric activators. The interaction between an allosteric enzyme and the allosteric inhibitor disallows the binding of the substrate to the enzyme. The interactión between the allosteric enzyme and the allosteric activator allows the binding of the substrate to the enzyme and sometimes increases the affinity of the enzyme for the substrate. This regulatory phenomenon of the enzyme activity is called allosterism. </i></span></p>
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<h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Q. <b> Which of the following group represents pro-inflammatory cytokines ?</b></span></h2>
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<input id="q1a" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> A)IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-15 </label> <br />
<input id="q1b" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> B) IL-10, TGF-β, IL-13 </label> <br />
<input id="q1c" name="q1" type="radio" value="c" /> <label> C) IL-1, IL-6, IL-12 </label> <br />
<input id="q1d" name="q1" type="radio" value="d" /> <label> D) IL-8, IP-10, IL-17</label> <br />
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Answer is C).</i><span style="font-weight: normal;"> IL-1, IL-6, IL-12 </span> <br />
<p><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i> Proinflammatory cytosines can be generally defined as small chemicals that are created by or help produce inflammation. These include IL-1, IL-6 and IL-12. </i></span></p>
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<h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Q. <b> Which one of the following, oxygenic photosynthesis does not occur in the specialized organelles ?</b></span></h2>
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<input id="q1a" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> A) Auto-heterotrophic bacteria </label> <br />
<input id="q1b" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> B) Cynobacteria </label> <br />
<input id="q1c" name="q1" type="radio" value="c" /> <label> C) Algae </label> <br />
<input id="q1d" name="q1" type="radio" value="d" /> <label> D) Higher plants </label> <br />
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Answer is A).</i><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Auto-heterotrophic bacteria </span> <br />
<p><i style="font-weight: normal;">The sun is the primary source of energy for all life. Plants, algae and some bacteria utilize the light energy from the sun during photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the physico- chemical process by which plants use this light energy to synthesize (or produce) organic compounds. There are two types of photosynthesis: oxygenic photosynthesis and anoxygenic photosynthesis.</i></p><p><i style="font-weight: normal;"> Oxygenic photosynthesis is the process used by plants, algae aknd some photosynthetic bacteria. During this process carbon dioxide is reduced to a carbohydrate and electrons are removed from water, releasing oxygen into the air.</i></p><p><i style="font-weight: normal;"> Anoxygenic photosynthesis is performed by specialized bacteria. During this process the light energy is used to remove electrons from other sources, not water. These sources include hydrogen gas, hydrogen sulphide and iron compounds. Therefore, instead of releasing oxygen, other compounds such as sulphur are released during this process.
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<h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Q. <b> The enzymes which do not conform to Michaelis-Menten kinetics such as aspartate transcarbamoylase are called </b></span></h3>
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<input id="q1a" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> A) allosteric enzymes </label> <br />
<input id="q1b" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> B) trypsins </label> <br />
<input id="q1c" name="q1" type="radio" value="c" /> <label> C) rennins </label> <br />
<input id="q1d" name="q1" type="radio" value="d" /> <label> D) holoenzymes </label> <br />
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Answer is A).</i><span style="font-weight: normal;"> allosteric enzymes </span> <br />
<p> Explanation :</p>
<p><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Although the Michaelis-Menten model provides a very good model of the experimental data for many enzymes, a few enzymes do not conform to Michaelis-Menten kinetics. These enzymes, such as aspartate transcarbamoylase are called allosteric enzymes. </span></p>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Q. <b> If lysosomes in a cell are ruptured, what would be the most likely effect ? </b></span></h3>
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<input id="q1a" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> A) The mitochondria and the chloroplasts would divide </label> <br />
<input id="q1b" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> B) The DNA within the mitochondria would break down </label> <br />
<input id="q1c" name="q1" type="radio" value="c" /> <label> C) The macromolecules in the cytoplasm would begin to break down </label> <br />
<input id="q1d" name="q1" type="radio" value="d" /> <label> D) More proteins would be made </label> <br />
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Answer is C).</i><span style="font-weight: normal;"> The macromolecules in the cytoplasm would begin to break down </span> <br />
<p> Explanation :</p>
<p> The rapture of lysosomal membranes releases powerful digestive substances into the cytoplasmic matrix. If sufficient lysosomes are ruptured the whole cell is broken down in the process of autolysis. </p>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Q. What is the<b> role of DNA ligase in DNA replication ?</b></span></h3>
<ul class="answers">
<span style="font-size: medium;">
<input id="q1a" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> A) add more nucleotides to the growing strand one at a time </label> <br />
<input id="q1b" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> B) ligate base to sugar to phosphate in a nucleotide </label> <br />
<input id="q1c" name="q1" type="radio" value="c" /> <label> C) join Okazaki fragments to one another </label> <br />
<input id="q1d" name="q1" type="radio" value="d" /> <label> D) remove incorrectly paired bases </label> <br />
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Answer is C).</i><span style="font-weight: normal;"> join Okazaki fragments to one another </span> <br />
<p> Explanation :</p>
<p><span style="font-weight: normal;"> DNA ligases play essential roles in replication, recombination and repair since they join broken DNA strands by catalysing the formation of a phosphodiester bond between the 3' hydroxyl end of one stand and the 5' phosphate end of another. </span></p>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Q. <b> When tryptophan accumulates in a bacterial cell </b></span></h3>
<ul class="answers">
<span style="font-size: medium;">
<input id="q1a" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> A) it binds to the operator, preventing transcription of adjacent genes </label> <br />
<input id="q1b" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> B) it binds to the promoter, allowing transcription of adjacent cell </label> <br />
<input id="q1c" name="q1" type="radio" value="c" /> <label> C) it binds to the repressor, causing it to bind to the operon </label> <br />
<input id="q1d" name="q1" type="radio" value="d" /> <label> D) it binds to RNA and initites a negative feedback loop to reduce transcription </label> <br />
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Answer is C).</i><span style="font-weight: normal;"> it binds to the repressor, causing it to bind to the operon </span> <br />
<p> Explanation :</p><p><span style="font-weight: normal;"> If free tryptophan accumulates within a bacterial cell, it binds to the allosteric site in the Tryptophan repressor, inducing a conformational charge that permits the tryptophan repressor complex to bind to at least three 21-bp operator sites. </span></p>
<p><br /></p><p></p></span>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Q. <b> Which of the following statement about the structure of skeletal muscle is true ?</b></span></h3>
<ul class="answers">
<span style="font-size: medium;">
<input id="q1a" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> A) The light bands of the sarcoma are the region where actin and myosin filaments overlap </label> <br />
<input id="q1b" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> B) When the muscle contracts, the A bands of the sarcomere lengthen </label> <br />
<input id="q1c" name="q1" type="radio" value="c" /> <label> C) When the muscle contracts, the H zone of the sarcomere shortens </label> <br />
<input id="q1d" name="q1" type="radio" value="d" /> <label> D) The sacoplasm of the muscle cell is contained within the sarcoplasmic reticulum </label> <br />
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Answer is C).</i><span style="font-weight: normal;">When the muscle contracts, the H zone of the sarcomere shortens </span> <br />
<p> According to the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction, individually linked sarcomeres shorten (contract), a condition that results when the filaments slide past each other. The movement of the actin filaments towards the middle of the sarcomere occurs as the myosin cross-bridges attach themselves to the actin sites. Muscle contraction (shortening) is reflected in the sarcomere as a decrease in the I band as the Z lines (which are located at the ends of the actin filaments) move closer together. The width of the A band (the myosin filament) remains unchanged. </p>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Q. <b> For an enzyme assay, it was observed based on the change of the product thus formed that 100 μ moles of the substrate is converted to product per minute per milligram of the enzyme used. The specific activity of the enzyme would be </b></span></h3>
<ul class="answers">
<span style="font-size: medium;">
<input id="q1a" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> A) 100 units </label> <br />
<input id="q1b" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> B) 1 units </label> <br />
<input id="q1c" name="q1" type="radio" value="c" /> <label> C) 1000 units </label> <br />
<input id="q1d" name="q1" type="radio" value="d" /> <label> D) 10 units </label> <br />
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Answer is A).</i><span style="font-weight: normal;"> 100 units </span> <br />
<p><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Specific activity in biochemistry is defined as the amount of product formed by an enzyme in a given amount of time. Specific activity is often reported in units (U) per mg of enzyme, where 1 unit is equal to 1 kg mol of product formed per minute. </span></p>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Q. <b> Identify the prochiral molecule in the citric acid cycle </b></span></h3>
<ul class="answers">
<span style="font-size: medium;">
<input id="q1a" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> A) Oxaloacetate </label> <br />
<input id="q1b" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> B) Isocitrate </label> <br />
<input id="q1c" name="q1" type="radio" value="c" /> <label> C) Citrate </label> <br />
<input id="q1d" name="q1" type="radio" value="d" /> <label> D) Succinate </label> <br />
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Answer is B).</i><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Citrate </span> <br />
<p><span style="font-weight: normal;"> The <a href="http://www.biotechfront.com/2020/08/krbes-cycle-products.html" target="_blank">citric acid cycle</a> is the central metabolic hub of the cell. It is the gateway to the aerobic metabolism of any molecule that can be transformed into an acetyl group or dicarboxylic acid. The cycle is also an important source of precursors, not only for the storage forms of fuels, but also for the building blocks of many other molecules such as amino acids, nucleotide bases, cholesterol and porphyrin. </span></p>
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<h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Q. <b> Which of the following is correct statement about isoelectric point of an amino acid ? </b></span></h2>
<ul class="answers">
<span style="font-size: medium;">
<input id="q1a" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> A) the pH where the carboxyl group is uncharged </label> <br />
<input id="q1b" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> B) the pH where the molecule carries no net electric charge </label> <br />
<input id="q1c" name="q1" type="radio" value="c" /> <label> C) the pH where the amino group is uncharged </label> <br />
<input id="q1d" name="q1" type="radio" value="d" /> <label> D) the pH of maximum electrolytic mobility </label> <br />
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Answer is B).</i><span style="font-weight: normal;"> the pH where the molecule carries no net electric charge </span> <br />
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<h2 style="text-align: left;">Q. <b> The Ames test is used to determine if a chemical </b></h2>
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<input id="q1a" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> A) Increases the rate at which a bacterial cell divides </label> <br />
<input id="q1b" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> B) decreases the number of cells in a culture </label> <br />
<input id="q1c" name="q1" type="radio" value="c" /> <label> C) is a potential mutagen </label> <br />
<input id="q1d" name="q1" type="radio" value="d" /> <label> D) decreases the ability of a cell to photosynthesize </label> <br />
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Answer is C).</i><span style="font-weight: normal;"> is a potential mutagen </span> <br />
<p> The <a href="https://www.biotechfront.com/2021/01/ames-test-overview.html" target="_blank">Ames test</a> is used to determine if a chemical is a potential mutagen or not </p>
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<h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Q. <b> Which of the following sequences correctly describes the cell cycle ? </b></span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: medium;">
<input id="q1a" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> A) G1 Phase : G2 Phase : Mitosis : Cytokinesis </label> <br />
<input id="q1b" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> B) S Phase : G2 Phase : Mitosis : Cytokinesis : G1 Phase </label> <br />
<input id="q1c" name="q1" type="radio" value="c" /> <label> C) G1 Phase : S Phase : G2 Phase : Cytokinesis : Mitosis</label> <br />
<input id="q1d" name="q1" type="radio" value="d" /> <label> D) Cytokinesis : Miosis : G1 Phase : S Phase : G2 Phase </label> <br />
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Answer is B).</i><span style="font-weight: normal;"> S Phase : G2 Phase : Mitosis : Cytokinesis : G1 Phase </span> <br />
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<h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Q. <b> Holocentric chromosomes are : </b></span></h3>
<ul class="answers">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><input id="q1a" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> A) Chromosomes with multiple centromeres </label> <br />
<input id="q1b" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> B) supernumerary chromosomes </label> <br />
<input id="q1c" name="q1" type="radio" value="c" /> <label> C) short chromosome with many genes </label> <br />
<input id="q1d" name="q1" type="radio" value="d" /> <label> D) chromosomes with centromere at the centre </label> <br />
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Answer is A). Chromosomes with multiple centromeres </i><br />
<p><span style="font-weight: normal;"> The centromere is the part of a chromosome that links sister chromatids or a dyad. During mitosis, spindle fibers attach to the centromere via the kinetochore. Centromeres were first thought to be genetic loci that direct the behaviour of chromosomes. With holocentric chromosomes, the entire length of the chromosome acts as the centro- mere, Examples of this type of centromere can be found scattered throughout the plant and animal kingdoms, with the most well-known example being the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.</span></p>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Q. <b> Which of the following modifications leads to protein degradation ? </b></span></h3>
<ul class="answers">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><input id="q1a" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> A) Methylation </label> <br />
<input id="q1b" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> B) Acetylation </label> <br />
<input id="q1c" name="q1" type="radio" value="c" /> <label> C) Acylation </label> <br />
<input id="q1d" name="q1" type="radio" value="d" /> <label> D) Ubiquitination </label> <br />
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Answer is D).</i><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Ubiquitination </span> <br />
<p><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Protein ubiquitination is a dynamic multi- faceted post-translational modification involved in nearly all aspects of cukaryotic biology. Once attached to a substrate, the 76-amino acid protein ubiquitin is subjected to further modifications, creating a multitude of distinct signals with distinct cellular outcomes, referred to as the 'ubiquitin code'. Ubiquitin can be ubiquitinated on seven lysine (Lys) residues or on the N-terminus, leading to polyubiquitin chains that can encompass complex topologies. Ubiquitin is a 76-amino acid protein, and as such bears many potential sites for additional post- translational modifications. The key features of ubiquitin are its seven Lys residues, all of which can be ubiquitinated, to give rise to isopeptide-linked ubiquitin chains.</span></p>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Q. <b> What special types of cells are produced during the gametophyte stage of a plant's life cycle ? </b></span></h3>
<ul class="answers">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><input id="q1a" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> A) Haploid gametes </label> <br />
<input id="q1b" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> B) Zygotes </label> <br />
<input id="q1c" name="q1" type="radio" value="c" /> <label> C) Spores </label> <br />
<input id="q1d" name="q1" type="radio" value="d" /> <label> D) Seed cells </label> <br />
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Answer is A). Happoid gametes </i><br />
</span><p><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> A gametophyte is a stage in the life cycle of plants and algae that undergo alternation of generations. It is a haploid multicellular organism that develops from a haploid spore that has one set of chromosomes. The gametophyte is the sexual phase in the life cycle of plants and algae. It develops sex organs that produce gametes, haploid sex cells that participate in fertilization to form a diploid zygote in which cach cell has two sets of chromosomes. Cell division of the zygote results in a new diploid multicellular organism, the second stage in the life cycle known as the sporophyte, the function of which is to produce haploid spores by meiosis. </span></span></p>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">Q. <b> One map unit of one centimorgan corresponds to recombination frequency of: </b></h3>
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<input id="q1a" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> A) 0.1% </label> <br />
<input id="q1b" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> B) 1%</label> <br />
<input id="q1c" name="q1" type="radio" value="c" /> <label> C) 10% </label> <br />
<input id="q1d" name="q1" type="radio" value="d" /> <label> D) 9.88% </label> <br />
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Answer is B). 1% </i><br />
<p><span style="font-weight: normal;"> One genetic map unit (m.u.) is defined as that distance between genes for which one product of meiosis out of 100 is recombinant. Put another way, a recombinant frequency of 1 percent is defined as 1 m.u., and an RF of 6 percent is defined as 6 m.u., and so on. A map unit is sometimes referred to as a centimorgan (CM) in honor of Thomas Hunt Morgan, a pioneer in the field of chromosome mapping. </span></p>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Q. <b> Infectious proteins are present in :</b></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><input id="q1a" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> A) Satellite virus </label> <br />
<input id="q1b" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> B) viroids </label> <br />
<input id="q1c" name="q1" type="radio" value="c" /> <label> C) Prions </label> <br />
<input id="q1d" name="q1" type="radio" value="d" /> <label> D) Gemini viruses </label> <br />
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Answer is C). Prions </i><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span><br />
</span><p><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Prion is a term first used to describe the mysterious infectious agent responsible for several neurodegenerative diseases found in mammals, including Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease ( CJD ) in humans. The word itself derives from 'proteinaceous infectious particle' ; it refers to " the initially heretical hypothesis that the infectious agent causing those diseases consists only of protein, with no nucleic acid genome. The prion hypothesis explained why the mysterious infectious agent is resistant to ultraviolet radiation, which breaks down nucleic acids, but is susceptible to substances that disrupt proteins. </span></span></p>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">Q<span style="font-size: medium;">. <b> An enzyme that relieves torsional strain while double-stranded DNA is being unwound is :</b></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><input id="q1a" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> A) DNA ligase </label> <br />
<input id="q1b" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> B) DNA gyrase </label> <br />
<input id="q1c" name="q1" type="radio" value="c" /> <label> C) DNA relaxase </label> <br />
<input id="q1d" name="q1" type="radio" value="d" /> <label> D) DNA helicase </label> <br />
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Answer is B). DNA gyrase </i><br />
</span><p><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> DNA gyrase, or simply gyrase, is an enzyme within the class of topoisomerase ( Type II topoisomerase ) that relieves strain while double - stranded DNA is being unwound by helicase. This causes negative supercoiling of the DNA. The gyrase supercoils (or relaxes positive supercoils) into DNA by looping the template so as to form a crossing, then cutting one of the double helices and passing the other through it before releasing the break, changing the linking number in each enzymatic step. This process occurs in prokaryotes (in particular, in bacteria), whose single circular DNA is cut by DNA gyrase and the two ends are then twisted around each other to form supercoils. Gyrase has been found in the apicoplast of the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum, a unicellular eukaryote. </span></span></p>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">Q. <b> Which of the following incorrectly matches the organelle with it's function ?</b></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><input id="q1a" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> A) Gyoxysome - seed growth </label> <br />
<input id="q1b" name="q1" type="radio" value="a" /> <label> B) Mitochondria - photophosphorylation </label> <br />
<input id="q1c" name="q1" type="radio" value="c" /> <label> C) Peroxisome - ROS quenching </label> <br />
<input id="q1d" name="q1" type="radio" value="d" /> <label> D) ER - glycosylation </label> <br />
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Answer is B). Mitochondria - photophosphorylation </i><br />
</span><p><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> The respiratory chain and ATP synthesis in mitochondria or photophosphorylation in chloroplasts demand the controlled flux of electrons. These targets seem to be attacked by nicotine, sanguinarine, ellipticine, gramine, alpinigenine, capsaicine, and a few other alkaloids. A multitude of enzymes exist in animal cells and several alkaloids have been reported that interfere with at least one of them.</span></span></p>
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